Microelectronic Pill Essay Example for Free

Microelectronic Pill Essay 1: ABSTRACT The invention of transistor enabled the first use of radiometry capsules, which used simple circuits for the internal study of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. They couldnt be used as they could transmit only from a single channel and also due to the size of the components. They also suffered from poor reliability, low sensitivity and short lifetimes of the devices. This led to the application of single-channel telemetry capsules for the detection of disease and abnormalities in the GI tract where restricted area prevented the use of traditional endoscopy. They were later modified as they had the disadvantage of using laboratory type sensors such as the glass pH electrodes, resistance thermometers, etc. They were also of very large size. The later modification is similar to the above instrument but is smaller in size due to the application of existing semiconductor fabrication technologies. These technologies led to the formation of MICROELECTRONIC PILL. Microelectronic pill is basically a multichannel sensor used for remote biomedical measurements using micro technology. This is used for the real-time measurement parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The sensors are fabricated using electron beam and photolithographic pattern integration and were controlled by an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). 2: INTRODUCTION When Microelectronic pill is swallowed, then it will travel through the Gastro Intestinal Tract simultaneously perform multi parameter in situ physiological analysis After completing its mission it will come out of the body by normal bowel movement The pill is 16mm in diameter 55mm long weighing around 5 gram It records parameters like temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen in real time. It measures the body core temperature. Also compensates with the temperature induced signal changes in other sensors. It also identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMMATION ULCERS. 3:TECHNOLOGY USED IN MICROELECTRONIC PILL ION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR(ISFET) The ISFET measures pH. It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels These abnormalities include : Pancreatic disease Hypertension Inflammatory bowel disease The activity of fermenting bacteria The level of acid excretion Reflux of oesophagus Effect of GI specific drugs on target organs. The pair of direct contact Gold electrodes measures conductivity, by measuring the contents of water salt absorption, bile secretion the breakdown of organic components into charged colloids etc. in the GI tract. Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it gives true value of conductivity as measured. Â  DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODE The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in solution. It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract It investigates : Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection Formation of radicals causing cellular injury pathophysiological conditions like inflammation Gastric ulceration. It develops generation enzymes linked with amperometric biosensors. ASIC The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connects together other components of the micro system. It contains an analogue signal –conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit analogue to digital (ADC) digital to analogue (DAC) converters, digital data processing module The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature reflects a corresponding change in in diode voltage. The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the source voltage changing with threshold voltage pH. The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity. An incorporated potentiostat circuit operates the O 2 sensor with a 10 bit DAC controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t the reference Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC. ASIC sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current. CONTROL CHIP Size of transmitter = 8 ? 5 ? 3 mm Modulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20 Â °C Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current. RADIO TRANSMITTOR 4:Experimental The electronic pill comprise a biocompatible capsule, which consists of a chemically resistant polyether-terketone (PEEK) coating, the four microfabricated sensors, the ASIC control chip and a discrete component radio transmitter (Fig. 1). The unit I powered by two SR44 Ag2O batteries (3.1 V), which provides an operating time of 35 hours at the rated power consumption of 15 mW. The sensors were fabricated on two separate 55 mm2 silicon chips located at the front end of the capsule. The temperature sensor is embedded in the substrate, whereas the conductivity sensor is directly exposed to the surroundings. The pH and oxygen sensors were enclosed in two separate 8 nL electrolyte chambers containing a 0.1M KOH solution retained in a 0.2 % calcium alginate gel. The electrolyte maintains a stable potential of the integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrodes used by the two sensors. The oxygen and pH sensor are covered by a 12 ?m thick film of teflon and nafion respectively, and protected by a 15 ?m thick dialysis membrane of polycarbonate. The signals were conditioned by the ASIC and then transmitted to a local receiver (base station) at 40.01 MHz prior to data acquisition on a PC. The applied simplex communication link, based on a direct sequence spread spectrum communication system, can handle data from several pills at the same time. 4: APPLICATION It is used in the medical diagnosis of gestro-intestial tract disease. 5: CONCLUSION: The electronic pill will be further miniaturised for human ingestion by the incorporation of the transmitter on silicon and a reduction in power consumption by the implementation of a standby modus and serial bitstream data compression. The integration of radiation sensors and the application of indirect imaging technologies such as ultrasound and impedance tomography will improve the detection of tissue abnormalities and radiology treatment associated with cancer and chronic inflammation. 6: REFERENCES: [1] www.wikipedia.com [2] www.seminar-only.com [3] Cane, C., I. Gracia, and A. Merlos, Microelectronics Journal.

Group Proposal :: essays research papers

Dear Sir or Madam: Thank you for your most recent request for information about our company and it's products. Our company was founded by Chris Griffith in 1974. Primarily for the U.S. military, doing top secret research and development. Our first consumer product is the Easy Finder Remote Control. I am very excited about our new product. We are targeting a nation wide release date of June 1st, 1999. Our new remote will have many user friendly features such as: code learn, sound activated locator, and an illuminated keypad. With code learn, you point your current remote at the base of the easy finder and it learns the code for your TV, VCR or cable box. The sound activated locator, responds to a snap of the fingers. Upon activation a loud 80 decibel piezo horn "BEEPS", and a super bright LED flashes for visual confirmation in locating the remote. An illuminated keypad keeps you from fumbling with buttons in the dark by lighting up the keys with color coded lights. Please look over enclosed material. We will start taking orders on May 1st 1999. Release date is set for June 1st 1999. I'm looking forward to doing business with you in the near future. Sincerely, Chris Griffith President, Hawk Electronics Table of Contents I. Cover Letter . . . . . . . . iv II. Introduction . . . . . . . . 1 A. Purpose . . . . . . . . 1 B. Problem . . . . . . . . 1 III. Proposal. . . . . . . . . . 2 A. Solution. . . . . . . . . . 2 B. Technical Description . . . . . . . 3 IV. Illustrations . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Remote Technical Description . . . . . 4 B. Operating Instructions . . . . . . . 5 V. Executive Summary . . . . . . . 6 VI. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . 6 II. INTRODUCTION A. PURPOSE This is a proposal to sell the new Easy Finder Remote Control to Circuit City, Seattle, Washington. The purpose of our product is to save the public from hours of wasted time searching for the remote control. B. PROBLEM Since Television, VCR, and other entertainment devices started offering the luxury of remote control, people have been losing them. Since then we've all been stuck with the task of trying to find them. Also many people have found it difficult to use a remote in the dark or low lit areas, such as bedrooms or bars. V. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY People often misplace things like T.V. and VCR remote controls, and often spend valuable time looking for them. Here at Hawks Incorporated, we feel there is something we can do about it. By installing a sound activated locator, and a lighted display panel, we've found the answer to locating your remote. In doing this we feel you'll save time, money, relieve at least a little of that every day stress. III. PROPOSAL A. SOLUTION The people at Hawks Electronics have found a solution for lost remote.

Week 3 Devry Business Law Assignment

The definition of a valid contract is that it complies with all of the legal requirements for a contract. There are several types of contracts. First is a unilateral contract, which is one that only one of the parties involved makes the promise. The other party involved would than act in return for the promise stated. A bilateral contract is when both partied make a promise. An implied contract is when there are surrounding circumstances along with facts, which show that a promise was created. A contract is not executed when all of the parties involved have fully completed their promise and contractual duties.In order for the offer to be valid, there are several basic elements. First, there must be intent to contract. Secondly, it must be communicated to the acquirer. Lastly, the terms and conditions needs to be certain and definitive. All parties involved have the right to duress from one another. If these elements are not met, the contract may be seen as invalid. In contract law, i n order for a contract to exist, one part must make an offer and the other must accept the offer. There are several rules to the accepting of an offer. First, prior to the offer being accepted, the offer may be withdrawn.The offeree must accept the offer, which is the person who was made the offer. Another person cannot accept the offer of their behalf without specific authorization. For example, if a power of attorney exists, another person may be able to accept the offer. If the offer specifies a method in which the acceptance should be given, it must come in that form. For example, if the offeror states that the acceptance must come via fax and no other method is allowed, it is the only form that can be accepted. In order for a binding contract to be created, there must be consideration in order for it to become legally sufficient.The consideration in contracts is when one party for a specific promise gives something of value from the other party stated in the contract. The consi deration may be given for the performance of an act or not performing an act. One example of this would be that one party pays another party to not put up a fence of their property. In order for the contract to become enforceable, the consideration must be adequate. The adequacy does not mean that the price matches, exceeds, or is the fair market value. Instead, it means that the agreed consideration is measured.There must be value that can be objectively determined in order for consideration to exist. Pennsylvania law allows for the recovery of damages when a contract is breached. Essentially, any damages incurred due to the breach will total a sum that will compensate the non-breaching party for all loss in which they sustained. In order for this to take effect, the non-breaching party must present sufficient evidence of what exactly the damages where. The damages needs to be reasonably foreseeable at the time the contract was entered into and also reasonable certain as to the cal culations.Examples of these damages would include lost profits, lost rental income, an increase of rental costs, an increase of labor costs, an increase of material costs, and so forth. References: Miller, R. L. , & Jentz, G. A. (2010). Business Law Today: Comprehensive Edition. In R. L. Miller, & G. A. Jentz, Business Law Today: Comprehensive Edition (pp. 248 – 256). Cengage. Schwartz, S. (2012). Schwartz & Blackman. Retrieved from Pennsylvania Commerical Law: Breach of Contract and the Duty to Mitigate Damages: http://www. schwartzandblackman. com/pennsylvania-commercial-law- breach-of-contract-and-the-duty-to-mitigate-damages-part-two/

The Pros And Cons Of Eating - 863 Words

Still damp, red-tipped strands of hair clung relentlessly to the nape of a surprisingly stiff neck, and while bouts of conversation seemed to spring up from every direction not a word escaped passed his lips. Completing practice at a level that Rithisak deemed acceptable on a nearly empty stomach had been absolute hell—hed suffered even further with the wafting scent of his coachs late lunch lurking about—yet he’d continued without complaint and on sheer stubbornness alone. Engaging with his peers was a secondary goal, since sharpening his skills was the primary one, which left him reluctant to spend energy that he currently lacked crafting small talk that would offer little to no benefit, and so he remained on the fringes only due to†¦show more content†¦Becoming entrapped within an endless downward spiral in regards to his capabilities, age, and ultimately, if he still had any talent for skating wasn’t an uncommon practice, though the restaurant that had been decided upon leering ominously overhead, thankfully, derailed it. A critical eye hurriedly scanned the building’s exterior for any signs that it may be an undesirable establishment, but the protests of a displeased stomach had him considering it acceptable with far less of a fight than usual. Seating, service, and the delivery of a meal that remained completely foreign to him were surprisingly speedy, yet he still ate with caution instead of digging in with the gusto his body demanded. Gloves were firmly snapped into place—manners remaining impeccable even if there was no need for such formalities—and utensils neatly arranged when he heard mentions about the meal. Turning his gaze upwards Rith felt a sharp smile spring into existence upon his lips, yet the edges were significantly softer than his usual expression as he rested his eyes on the form of Tommy. Listening to numerous conversations on the way here had given him a better understanding of who held what name, and he’d half-heartedly begun committing them to memory for the time being. â€Å"It’s been quite some time since I’ve encountered food I’m wholly unfamiliar with, though I suppose it makes a passable first attempt to please.†Show MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Eating759 Words   |  4 PagesOh, Im sure you can think of some ways to repay me. 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